![]() emphasized the urgent need for nephrolithiasis preventive efforts owing to the rapidly changing prevalence of nephrolithiasis in Korea. The prevalence and incidence of nephrolithiasis have increased in most Asian countries in previous decades. In some circumstances, urine can also become supersaturated with certain relatively insoluble drugs or their metabolites, leading to crystallization in the renal collecting ducts or iatrogenic stones. Stones that develop in the urinary tract (known as urolithiasis or nephrolithiasis) form when the urine becomes excessively supersaturated with respect to a mineral, leading to crystal formation, growth, aggregation, and retention within the kidneys. Kidney stones (calculi) are mineral concretions in the renal calyces and pelvis, which may be free or attached to the renal papillae. Nephrolithiasis risk factors include male sex, age, race, high socioeconomic status, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure levels, diabetes, gout, chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperparathyroidism, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), smoking, alcohol consumption, and metabolic syndrome. The pathogenesis of kidney stone formation is complex and involves both metabolic and environmental risk factors. ![]() However, few epidemiologic studies have investigated urolithiasis in Asia. Recently, a worldwide increase in the occurrence of kidney stone disease has been reported, and an estimated 8% to 16% of the US population experience at least one symptomatic stone by the age of 70 years. reported an expected lifetime prevalence of 6.0% and 1.8% among Korean men and women, respectively. reported a 5.0% prevalence of nephrolithiasis in South Korea, whereas Kim et al. Nephrolithiasis is a common disorder in developed countries and is considered to be a disease of affluence, with substantial direct and indirect costs among working-age adults and with a reported lifetime prevalence of 10% to 12% in men and 5% to 6% in women. Men have a twofold risk of stone formation compared with women, with a peak incidence at 30 years of age, whereas women have a bimodal age distribution, with peaks at 35 and 55 years. The incidence of nephrolithiasis peaks between 20 and 30 years of age, but varies by sex and race. Nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis (kidney stone) is the presence of renal calculi caused by disruptions in the balance between the solubility and the precipitation of salts in the urinary tract and kidneys.
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